Steps

1. How to define an abstract class called Donut 

When dealing with class and object hierarchies, you typically have a base class which encapsulates common behaviour. As an example, let's create an abstract class name Donut which defines a method signature for printName.

println("Step 1: How to define an abstract class called Donut")
 abstract class Donut(name: String) {

   def printName: Unit

}

NOTE:

• Any class which extends the abstract class Donut will have to provide an implementation for the printName method.

2. How to extend abstract class Donut and define a sub-class of Donut called VanillaDonut

To create a sub-class of the abstract Donut class from Step 1, you have to use the extends keyword, pass-through the name constructor parameter and also provide an implementation for the printName method.

As shown in the example below, the class VanillaDonut extends the abstract class Donut and also provides an implementation for the printName method.

println("\nStep 2: How to extend abstract class Donut and define a sub-class of Donut called VanillaDonut")
 class VanillaDonut(name: String) extends Donut(name) {

   override def printName: Unit = println(name)

 }

 object VanillaDonut {

   def apply(name: String): Donut = {
     new VanillaDonut(name)
   }

}

NOTE:

• We've also created a Companion Object for the VanillaDonut class.

3. How to extend abstract class Donut and define another sub-class of Donut called GlazedDonut

Similar to Step 2, let's create another sub-class named GlazedDonut for the abstract Donut class.

println("\nStep 3: How to extend abstract class Donut and define another sub-class of Donut called GlazedDonut")
 class GlazedDonut(name: String) extends Donut(name) {

   override def printName: Unit = println(name)

 }

 object GlazedDonut {

   def apply(name: String): Donut = {
     new GlazedDonut(name)
   }

 }

NOTE:

• Similar to Step 2, we've also created a Companion Object for the GlazedDonut class.

4. How to instantiate Donut objects

Let's create two Donut objects, one using the VanillaDonut class and the other one using the GlazedDonut class. Note that we are specifying the type for both vanillaDonut and glazedDonut to be of base type Donut.

println("\nStep 4: How to instantiate Donut objects")
val vanillaDonut: Donut = VanillaDonut("Vanilla Donut")
vanillaDonut.printName

val glazedDonut: Donut = GlazedDonut("Glazed Donut")
glazedDonut.printName

You should see the following output when you run your Scala application in IntelliJ:

Step 4: How to instantiate Donut objects
Vanilla Donut
Glazed Donut

NOTE:

• Since VanillaDonut and GlazedDonut are sub-classes of the base class Donut, they both have access to the printName method.